analytics and maintenance activities required to support the maturation of the C-BUMMPS. Performance monitoring of UUV components can assist with the mission, giving a probability of success should components start to fail. Digital twin On return of the UUV to port after a mission, the raw data and health assessments can be downloaded to a data centre and added to the life cycle performance profiles for the UUV subsystems and components. Analysis of the data will identify any trending deviations over time that might indicate wear or subtle degradation. Additional maintenance activities could be recommended or planned for future availabilities based on performance data that indicate a growing issue that did not exceed the threshold for generating alert messages during the mission. Following maintenance activities, postmaintenance testing of repaired and replaced components is performed. The C-BUMMPS also collects performance data to verify that maintenance activities were successful and did not introduce additional problems. These data can then be used to either recalibrate the life cycle performance profiles or create a new baseline performance profile for replaced elements. The data can also be used to create and update a digital twin of the UUV, modelling the system in the data centre while the physical version is out at sea for months at a time. This can be a way to provide data on smaller craft without the detailed sensor networks. However, there are key factors that have to be identified as part of the UUV performance monitoring architecture. For example, measuring the rotational speed of a motor once every minute might be insufficient as a performance monitoring parameter. However, measuring or sampling rotational speed at 100 kHz for a motor that operates in the range of 103 rpm might produce an excessive amount of data for that performance parameter, driving the sensors and data acquisition, storage and analysis far beyond what is useful, let alone necessary. Acknowledgements With thanks to Julio Memba at UAV Navigation-Grupo Oesía, Ba Tarfi Salem Abdullah Salem at Putra University, Malaysia, Portia Banerjee at NASA Ames Research Center, California, and Dana Colegrove at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. 47 Uncrewed Systems Technology | August/September 2025 FRANCE Safran Sensing Technologies +33 1 40 60 80 80 www.safran-group.com/companies/ safran-sensing-technologies GERMANY Bosch Sensortec +49 7121 3535 900 www.bosch-sensortec.com Sensitec +49 6441 52910 www.sensitec.com JAPAN Renesas +81 3 6773 3000 www.renesas.com SPAIN UAV Navigation-Grupo Oesía +34 91 657 2723 www.uavnavigation.com SWITZERLAND STMicroelectronics +41 22 929 29 29 www.st.com UK Reventec +44 1725 510321 www.reventec.com Sentronics +44 1725 513703 www.sentronics.com Transense Technologies +44 1869 238380 www.transense.com USA Analog Devices +1 800 262 5643 www.analog.com Flow Technology +1 480 240 3400 www.ftimeters.com Max Machinery +1 707 433 2662 www.maxmachinery.com MEMSIC Semiconductor +1 978 738 0900 www.memsic.com TDK Invensense +1 408 501 2200 www.invensense.tdk.com Some examples of performance monitoring technology suppliers
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